Persian Letters (French: Lettres persanes) is a literary work, published in 1721, by Charles de Secondat, baron de Montesquieu, recounting the experiences of two fictional Persian noblemen, Usbek and Rica, who are traveling through France.[1]. As the spirit of rebellion advances, he decides to act, but too late; with delays in the transmission of letters and the loss of some, the situation is beyond remedy. Derniers articles. Leurs tortures morales. Usbek est parti car il ressentait de la curiosité à l’égard des autres cultures. X (10) Mirza à Usbek C. J. Betts, Harmondsworth and New York: Penguin, 1973. Usbek à Ibben. Pauline Kra, Religion in Montesquieu's "Lettres persanes", Jean Marie Goulemot, "Questions sur la signification politique des, Alan Singerman, "Réflexions sur une métaphore : le sérail dans les, Jean Pierre Schneider, "Les jeux du sens dans les, Josué Harari, "The Eunuch’s Tale : Montesquieu’s imaginary of despotism," in, Jean Marie Goulemot, "Vision du devenir historique et formes de la révolution dans les, Mary McAlpin, "Between Men for All Eternity: feminocentrism in Montesquieu’s, Lucas A. Swaine, "The Secret Chain: Justice and Self-Interest in Montesquieu's, This page was last edited on 3 December 2020, at 03:09. Gemschid : Derviche (membre d'une confrérie musulmane) au monastère de … 19–56. Selon le témoignage d’Isben Aben, historien arabe, les générations des oiseaux, des nuées, des vents, et tous les escadrons des anges, se réunirent pour élever cet enfant, et se disputèrent cet avantage. Cecil Courtney, Philip Stewart, Catherine Volpilhac-Auger, Pauline Kra, Edgar Mass, Didier Masseau. Certain sequences of letters by a single author develop more fully a particular subject, such as letters 11–14 from Usbek to Mirza on the Troglodytes, letters 109–118 (113–122) from Usbek to Rhedi on demography, letters 128–132 (134–138) from Rica on his visit to the library at Saint-Victor. There is a visible beginning, development, and ending […]." Commentaire de texte de 4 pages en littérature : Montesquieu, Lettres persanes, Lettre 9, Le premier eunuque à Ibbi : commentaire. “Ah! Lettre VIII. LETTRE XI.usbek a mirza , a ispahan. Les vents murmuroient, et disoient : C’est plutôt à nous, parce que nous pouvons lui apporter de tous les endroits les odeurs les plus agréables. The seraglio is a hothouse from which he increasingly distances himself, trusting his wives no more than his eunuchs (Letter 6). 14365): cf. A new edition in 1758, prepared by Montesquieu's son, included eight new letters – bringing the total at that point to 161 – and a short piece by the author entitled "Quelques réflexions sur les Lettres persanes". Je voulus l’attraper, et je dis en moi-même : Il faut que je me mette dans mon fort ; je vais me réfugier dans mon pays. We observe the function of parliaments, tribunals, religious bodies (Capuchins, Jesuits, etc. Le roi du Thibet a la Congrégation de la Propagande a Rome. les lettres persanes : résumé par lettre Home; Cameras; Sports; Accessories; Contact Us Likewise, an unnamed person (designated only as ***) – if always the same – receives eighteen letters and writes none at all. Lettres persanes est un roman épistolaire de Montesquieu rassemblant la correspondance fictive échangée entre deux voyageurs persans, Usbek et Rica, et leurs amis respectifs restés en Perse [2].Leur séjour à l’étranger dure neuf ans. XL. Les oiseaux disoient dans leurs gazouillements qu’il étoit plus commode qu’ils l’élevassent, parce qu’ils pouvoient plus facilement rassembler plusieurs fruits de divers lieux. Fatmé à Usbek (Roman). Lettre VII. Others who have followed have looked into the ramifications of epistolary form, the structure and meaning of the seraglio, Usbek's contradictions. Les lettres persanes est un roman épistolaire de Montesquieu publié en 1721. They describe a thriving culture, where even the presence of two Persians quickly becomes a popular phenomenon, thanks to the proliferation of prints (letter 28 [30]). bon Dieu ! In a quarter of an hour, he decided three questions in morals, four historical problems, and five points in physics. Mon parti fut bientôt pris : je me tus, je le laissai parler, et il décide encore. Dictionnaire de l’Académie française (suivi de l’année de l’édition) Bayle. There is even one complete anomaly, a letter from Hagi Ibbi to Ben Josué (Letter 37 [39]), neither of whom is mentioned elsewhere in the novel. C'est en Hollande que les Lettres persanes paraissent pour la première fois en 1721. dis-je en moi-même, quel homme est-ce là ? Fatmé: Epouse d'Usbek qui exprime son amour de manière sensuelle et passionnée. book Lettres persanes (1721) Montesquieu A. Lemerre 1873 Paris T Montesquieu - Lettres persanes I, 1873.djvu Montesquieu - Lettres persanes … Cette nuit, Dieu posa un terme entre l’homme et la femme, qu’aucun d’eux ne put passer. Letters 1–21 [1–23]: The journey from Isfahan to France, which lasts almost 14 months (from 19 March 1711 to 4 May 1712). All subsequent editions in the author's lifetime (i.e., until 1755) derive from A or B. Hallucinations d'une femme ardente, privée de son mari. Indeed, it has little in common with the sole model at the time, Guilleragues's Lettres portugaises of 1669. Il vint au monde circoncis, et la joie parut sur son visage dès sa naissance, la terre trembla trois fois, comme si elle eût enfanté elle-même ; toutes les idoles se prosternèrent ; les trônes des rois furent renversés ; Lucifer fut jeté au fond de la mer, et ce ne fut qu’après avoir nagé pendant quarante jours qu’il sortit de l’abîme et s’enfuit sur le mont Cabès, d’où, avec une voix terrible, il appela les anges. We left science, and talked of the current news: he decided upon the current news. There is a visible beginning, development, and ending […]." », Aram Vartanian, "Eroticism and politics in the Lettres persanes,", Jean Ehrard, "La signification politique des Lettres persanes,". IX (9) 1 er eunuque noir à Ibbi Longue lettre (1e qui ne soit pas de, ou pour Usbek) : il se plaint d’être malheureux au milieu des femmes, et d’être asservi. XXXVIII. No one had the notion of attaching it to the novelistic genre. He also assimilates the two religions and even all religions with respect to their social utility. [2], I found myself recently in a company where I met a man very well satisfied with himself. In the 1950s began a new era of studies based on better texts and renewed perspectives. [clarification needed] Called edition A, this is the text utilized in the recent critical edition of Lettres persanes (2004) for the ongoing complete works of Montesquieu published in Oxford and Lyon/Paris beginning in 1998. Que tu es heureux ! Lettres persanes, 1721, première édition. The letters are apparently all dated in accordance with a lunar calendar which, as Robert Shackleton showed in 1954, in fact corresponds to our own, by simple substitution of Muslim names, as follows: Zilcadé (January), Zilhagé (February), Maharram (March), Saphar (April), Rebiab I (May), Rebiab II (June), Gemmadi I (July), Gemmadi II (August), Rhegeb (September), Chahban (October), Rhamazan (November), Chalval (December). He nevertheless does not do so: late in 1720 he is still in Paris, for letters 134–137 (140–145), which contain the whole history of Law's "System," are in fact posterior to Roxane's last missive (dated 8 May 1720), which he must already have received – the usual time for delivery being about five months – when he writes the latest in date of his own (supplementary letter 8 and letter 138 [145 and 146]), in October and November 1720. Alors que la France de 1721 subissait une épidémie de peste menant la moitié Sud à des mesures drastiques de confinement, Charles-Louis de Montesquieu publiait au printemps ses Lettres persanes. Il t’est facile de lui plaire et de te maintenir dans sa faveur jusques au dernier de tes jours. The Lettres persanes thus helped confirm the vogue of a format that was already established. From letter 69 (71) to letter 139 (147) – chronologically from 1714 to 1720 – not a single letter from Usbek relates to the seraglio, which is unmentioned in any guise from letter 94 to 143 (and even in the edition of 1758 from supplementary letter 8 (97) to 145. L’art des magiciens et négromants se trouva sans vertu. Le premier eunuque à Ibbi. They sketch analyses that will later be developed in L’Esprit des lois for many subjects such as the types of powers, the influence of climate and the critique of colonization. [LETTRES PERSANES] # lettre9 # lettrespersanes # poissonspilotes. La dernière modification de cette page a été faite le 22 décembre 2018 à 08:13. Rica à Ibben. 2 OC, t. 1 (ci-après : Courtney). Ibben, who functions more as addressee than correspondent, writes only two letters but receives forty-two. The Chronology can be broken down as follows: The first edition of the novel, which consists of 150 letters, appeared in May 1721 under the rubric Cologne: Pierre Marteau, a front for the Amsterdam publisher Jacques Desbordes whose business is now run by his widow, Susanne de Caux. Véritable cause du voyage d'Usbek. Lettre 11 : Usbek est flatté que son ami lui demande conseil. Philip Stewart, Paris, Classiques Garnier, 2013. Position des eunuques dans le sérail. This latter edition has been used for all subsequent editions until the Œuvres complètes of 2004, which reverts to the original edition but includes the added letters marked as "supplementary" and, in parentheses, the numbering scheme of 1758. A second edition (B) by the same publisher later in the same year, for which there is so far no entirely satisfactory explanation, curiously included three new letters but omitted thirteen of the original ones. Initially, for most of its first readers as well as for its author, it was not considered primarily a novel, and even less an "epistolary novel" (as it is often classified now), which was not at that time a constituted genre. Là-dessus les anges indignés s’écrioient : Que nous restera-t-il donc à faire ? A collection of "letters" in 1721 would more likely evoke the recent tradition of essentially polemical and political periodicals, such as Lettres historiques (1692–1728), the Jesuits’ famous Lettres édifiantes et curieuses (1703–1776), not to mention Mme Dunoyer's Lettres historiques et galantes (1707–1717) which, in the form of a correspondence between two women, provide a chronicle of the end of the reign of Louis XIV and the beginning of the Regency. . A dejected Usbek is apparently resigned to the necessity of returning, with little hope, to Persia; on 4 October 1719 he laments: "I shall deliver my head to my enemies" (147 [155]). Particularly important were the extensively annotated edition by Paul Vernière and the research of Robert Shackleton on Muslim chronology; also studies by Roger Laufer, Pauline Kra and Roger Mercier, which put new focus on the work's unity and integrated the seraglio into its overall meaning. Margaret Mauldon, Oxford University Press, 2008. In Paris, the Persians express themselves on a wide variety of subjects, from governmental institutions to salon caricatures. The Persian side of the novel tended to be considered as a fanciful decor, the true interest of the work lying in its factitious "oriental" impressions of French society, along with political and religious satire and critique. The Lettres persanes was an immediate success and often imitated, but it has been diversely interpreted over time. C. Martin, Paris, Oxford, PUPS et Voltaire Foundation, coll. Usbek orders his head eunuch to crack down, but his message does not arrive in time, and a revolt brings about the death of his wives, including the vengeful suicide of his favorite, Roxane, and, it appears, most of the eunuchs. Au XVIII e siècle, l’Orient et le goût des voyages sont à la mode. À Paris, le 20 de la lune de Rhégeb, 1713. Usbek and Rica by far dominate with sixty-six letters for the former and forty-seven for the latter (of the original 150). Usbek à Mirza. ... APPENDICE FRAGMENTS DE VIEUX MATÉRIAUX DES LETTRES PERSANES. Start studying Citations Lettres Persanes. Usbek's language with them is as constrained as theirs with him. But it is in its numerous imitations – such as Lettres juives (1738) and Lettres chinoises (1739) of Boyer d’Argens, Lettres d’une Turque à Paris, écrites à sa sœur (1730) by Poullain de Saint-Foix (published several times in conjunction with Lettres persanes), and perhaps especially Françoise de Graffigny’s Lettres d’une Péruvienne (1747) – not to mention the letter-novels of Richardson – which, between 1721 and 1754, had in effect transformed Lettres persanes into an "epistolary novel." Text of the original 1721 edition. Everything cascades in the final letters (139–150 [147–161]), thanks to a sudden analepse of more than three years with respect to the preceding letters. RESUME – LES LETTRES PERSANES, Montesquieu (1721) Lettre première Usbek à Rustan (Ispahan) Usbek relate à Rustan, les motivations qui l’ont conduit à quitter son pays malgré la richesse de la culture perse et ses innombrables curiosités. Là un homme obligeant vient pour un peu d’argent vous offrir le secret de faire de l’or 1. Les Lettres Persanes, de Montesquieu est l’une des œuvres à analyser au programme de première. Ils allaient tirer par la manche tous … . Lettre d’amour VIII (8) Usbek à Rustan Il parle de lui, de son amour des sciences, il veut s’instruire en voyageant. Lettre IX. In 1711 Usbek leaves his seraglio in Isfahan to take the long journey to France, accompanied by his young friend Rica. While the great popularity of Antoine Galland’s Mille et Une Nuits (The Arabian Nights) contributes, as do the Bible and the Qu’ran, to the general ambiance of oriental subjects, in fact it has almost nothing in common with the Lettres persanes. Usbek for his part is troubled by religious contrasts. Que pouvait faire davantage le ciel pour autoriser sa mission divine, à moins de renverser la nature et de faire périr les hommes mêmes qu’il vouloit convaincre ? Dieu qui, par les décrets de sa providence, avoit résolu, dès le commencement, d’envoyer aux hommes ce grand prophète pour enchaîner Satan, créa une lumière deux mille ans avant Adam, qui, passant d’élu en élu, d’ancêtre en ancêtre de Mahomet, parvint enfin jusques à lui comme un témoignage authentique qu’il étoit descendu des patriarches. LETTRE IX.le premier eunuque a ibbi , a erzeron. ... Ibbi (lettre ), et celle adressée au maître pour demander la punition d'un esclave qui refuse de devenir eunuque (Pharan, lettre [ ]). Knowing, moreover, from the outset that he is not assured of a return to Persia, Usbek is also already disabused about their attitude (letters 6 and 19 [20]). The most important modern French editions: There have been numerous English translations, usually under the title (The) Persian Letters: 1721 literary work by Charles-Louis de Secondat, baron de Montesquieu, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu, Charles de Secondat, baron de Montesquieu, La quête du savoir dans les Lettres persanes, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Persian_Letters&oldid=992032013, Articles needing additional references from September 2009, All articles needing additional references, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2014, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WorldCat-VIAF identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Everything having to do with contemporary France or Paris, on the other hand, comes from his own experience, and from conversations of anecdotes related to him. His wives play the role of languorous and lonely lovers, he the role of master and lover, with no true communication and without revealing much about their true selves. Il est donc important pour les élèves de bien la comprendre et de bien l’analyser afin de mieux se préparer au bac de français. Universitätsbibliothek Erlangen-Nürnberg, H58/EZ-II 459 Dictionnaire historique et critique, Rotterdam, Reinier Leers, 1697, 4 parties en deux volumes in-folio. Although this takes place in the declining years of the aged king, much of what he has accomplished is still admired in a Paris where the Invalides is being completed and cafés and theatre proliferate. I have never seen so universal a decider; his mind was not once troubled with the least doubt. I wished to catch him, so I said to myself, “I must get to my strong point; I will betake me to my own country.” I spoke to him of Persia; but hardly had I opened my mouth, when he contradicted me twice, basing his objections upon the authority of Tavernier and Chardin. Mais une voix du Ciel fut entendue, qui termina toutes les disputes : Il ne sera point ôté d’entre les mains des mortels, parce qu’heureuses les mamelles qui l’allaiteront, et les mains qui le toucheront, et la maison qu’il habitera, et le lit où il reposera. Good heavens!” said I to myself, “what kind of man is this? Usbek à son ami Rustan. Various aspects of the book are doubtless indebted to particular models, of which the most important is Giovanni Paolo Marana’s L’Espion dans les cours des princes chrétiens (Letters Writ by a Turkish Spy), widely known at the time, even though Montesquieu’s characters obviously are Persians and not Turks. He will know next all the streets in Ispahan better than I do!” I soon knew what part to play-to be silent, and let him talk; and he is still laying down the law.[3]. Although Usbek has learned as early as October 1714 that "the seraglio is in disorder" (letter 63 [65]). Il lui raconte l’histoire des Troglodytes qui n’avaient aucun gouvernement et … While Usbek appreciates the freer relations among men and women in the West, he remains, as master of a seraglio, a prisoner of his past. Il envie Ibbi qui ne s’occupe que d’Usbek. Though it never occurs to him to cease being a Muslim, and while he still wonders at some aspects of Christianity (the Trinity, communion), he writes to austere authorities to inquire, for example, why some foods are considered to be unclean (letters 15–17 [16–18]). Letters 22–89 [24–92]: Paris in the reign of, Letters 90–137 [93–143] or [supplementary Letter 8 =145]: the Regency of. Abréviations utilisées dans les Lettres Persanes. George R Healy, Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1964. Lettres persanes, lettre 37, introduction. Aurélia Gaillard. — Non, non, disoient les nuées, non ; c’est à nos soins qu’il sera confié, parce que nous lui ferons part à tous les instants de la fraîcheur des eaux. Dans un quart d’heure, il décida trois questions de morale, quatre problèmes historiques, et cinq points de physique : Je n’ai jamais vu un décisionnaire si universel ; son esprit ne fut jamais suspendu par le moindre doute. LETTRE X.mirza a son ami usbek , a erzeron. Paul Vernière, Paris: Classiques Garnier, 1960, reprinted in 1965, 1975, 1992; revised edition by Catherine Volpilhac-Auger, Livre de Poche classique, 2001. Montesquieu never referred to Lettres persanes (Persian Letters) as a novel until "Quelques remarques sur les Lettres persanes," which begins: "Nothing about the Lettres persanes was more ingratiating than to find in it unexpectedly a sort of novel. Although he has in the meantime received letters, the reader does not learn of them until the final series, which is more developed after the addition of supplementary letters 9–11 (157, 158, 160) of 1758. Moreover, all the letters from 126 (132) to 137 (148) are from Rica, which means that for about fifteen months (from 4 August 1719 to 22 October 1720) Usbek is completely silent. The epistolary structure is quite flexible: nineteen correspondents in all, with at least twenty-two different recipients. The impact of Jean Chardin’s Voyages en Perse, to which he owes most of his information about Persia – which is far from superficial – must of course be recognized; he owned the two-volume edition of 1687 and purchased the extended edition in ten volumes in 1720.
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